簡介
句子的組成部分,包括主語、謂語、賓語、定語、狀語、表語、同位語七種 主語是句子敘述的主體，可由名詞、代詞、數詞、名詞化的形容詞、不定式、動名詞和主語從句等來承擔。 謂語說明主語所發出的動作或具有的特征和狀態。謂語由動詞來承擔。 賓語是動作的對象或承受者，常位於及物動詞或介詞後面。賓語可由名詞、代詞、數詞、名詞化的形容詞、不定式、動名詞、賓語從句等來擔任。 主語和謂語是英語句子的兩大成分，除少數句子（如祈使句和感嘆句等）外，壹句話必須同時具有主語和謂語所表達的意思才能完整。主語是針對謂語而言的，是壹句話的主題，謂語用來說明主語的情況，為主語提供信息。例如：They are working.主語是they(他們)，那麽他們在做什麽呢？看來沒有謂語are working 是不行的。在正常情況下，英語的主語和謂語的位置與漢語壹致，也就是說主語在前，謂語緊跟其後。那麽，哪些詞語可以做主語，謂語，何時主謂倒置，主語與謂語的壹致情況如何，我將壹壹講述。
主語
定義：主語是句子陳述的對象，說明是誰或什麽。表示句子說的是"什麽人"或“什麽事”。主語是執行句子的行為或動作的主體。 哪些詞可以充當主語 1,名詞 例如： A mooncake is a delicious, round cake. The first truck is carrying a few baskets. The temperature will stay above zero. The doctor looked over Mrs. Brown very carefully. China does not want to copy the USA’s example. 2,代詞 例如： It’s a young forest. I don’t know if it will grow. That’s a bit expensive. You’d better buy a new pair. I’m afraid we haven’t got any black shoes. 3,數詞 例如：One and two is three. One is not enough for me. I want one more. One of them is English. Suddenly one of the bags fell off the truck. Two will be enough. 4,不定式 （常以 It’s adj. to do sth. 形式出現） 例如： To give is better than to receive =Its better to give. I found it difficult to get to sleep. It’s glad to see you again. It was difficult to say. But it’s good to swim in summer. 5,IT 作主語，有如下情況： 1)指代剛剛提到的事物：What’s this ? It’s a bus. (指代what) 2)指代壹個妳不知道或判斷不清性別的人：Who’s knocking the door? It’s me. (指代 who) Who’s the baby in the picture? It’s my sister. (指代 who) 3) 表示時間，天氣，距離： What’s the time? It’s eight o’clock. (時間) What’s it going to be tomorrow? It’s going to be rainy.(天氣) How far is it? It’s about one kilometre away. (距離) 6. THERE 引起的There be 句型中，be 作謂語，主語位居其後。如： There are many different kinds of mooncakes. There will be a strong wind.
謂語
謂語由動詞構成，依據其在句中繁簡程度可把謂語分為簡單謂語和復合謂語兩類。不論何種時態，語態，語氣，凡由壹個動詞（或動詞詞組）構成的謂語都是簡單謂語。例如： I like walking.(壹般現在時主動語態) I made your birthday cake last night. (壹般過去時主動語態) It is used by travellers and business people all over the world. (壹般現在時被動語態) 復合謂語也可分為兩種情況： 第壹種是由情態動詞，助動詞+不帶to的動詞不定式構成的復合謂語： What does this word mean? I won’t do it again. I’ll go and move away the bag of rice with Lin Tao. You’d better catch a bus. 第二種是由連系動詞+表語構成的復合謂語。例如： You look the same. We are all here. The weather gets wamer, and the days get longer. Keep quite and listen to me. He looked worried. We have to be up early in the moming. Is Bill in? School Is over. Let’s go home. My pen is in my bag. I feel terrible. I* fell tried all the time. He seemed rather tired last night. 連系動詞和表語在意思上緊密聯系，不宜分割；有關動詞的種類這方面知識在課本中已有介紹，此處不多說了。
賓語
賓語是謂語動作所涉及的對象,它是動作的承受者,賓語可以由名詞或起名詞作用的成分擔任，賓語壹般放在謂語動詞後面。 I saw a cat in the tree. 我看見樹上有壹只貓。 I want to go shopping. 我想去買東西。 He said he could be here. 他說他會來的。 We think you are right. 我們認為妳是對的。 有些及物動詞可以有兩個賓語,其中壹個賓語多指人,另壹個賓語指物,指人的賓語叫做間接賓語,指物的賓語叫做直接賓語,可以帶兩個賓語的動詞有 bring,give,show,send,pass,tell等。間接賓語壹般放在直接賓語的前面,如果強調直接賓語可把直接賓語放在間接賓語的前面, 但間接賓語前須加"to"。 My father bought me a book. 我父親給我買了壹本書。 Give the rubber to me. 把橡皮給我。 Please give the letter to XiaoLi. 請把這封信給小李。 有些及物動詞除跟壹個賓語外，還需要加上賓語補足語,否則意思不完整,它們壹起構成復合賓語,復合賓語中賓語和後面的賓語補足語有壹種邏輯上的主謂關系，這也是判斷是兩個賓語還是復合賓語的依據,賓語可以由名詞或起名詞作用的詞擔任。 We all call him LaoWang. 我們都叫他老王。 Please color it red. 請給它塗上紅顏色。 We found the little girl in the hill. 我們在山上找到了小女孩。
定語
用於描述名詞,代詞,短語或從句的性質,特征範圍等情況的詞叫做定語,定語可以由名詞,形容詞和起名詞和形容詞作用的詞,短語擔任。如果定語是單個詞,定語放在被修飾詞的前面,如果是詞組,定語放在被修飾詞的後面。 That is a beautiful flower. 那是壹朵漂亮的花。 The TV set made in that factory is very good. 那個工廠生產的電視機很好。 This is my book,not your book. 這是我的書,不是妳的書。 There are more than twenty trees in our school. 我們學校裏有二十多棵樹。 I have a lot of things to do. 我有好多要做的事情。 Our country is a developing country. 我們的國家是壹個發展中的國家。
狀語
1、說明事物發生的時間,地點,原因,目的,結果方式,條件或伴隨情況,程度等情況的詞叫狀語。 2、狀語的功用：狀語說明地點、時間、原因、目的、結果、條件、方向、程度、方式和伴隨狀況等。 3、狀語壹般由副詞、介詞短語、分詞和分詞短語、不定式或相當於副詞的詞或短語來擔當。其位置壹般放在句末，但也可放在句首或句中，修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞等 A、副詞壹般在句子中做狀語． He speaks English very well. 他英語說得非常好. He is playing under the tree.中的under the tree是地點狀語. B、不定式在句子中可以作目的狀語。 I come specially to see you.我專門來看妳. C、介詞短語 Ten years ago, She began to live in Dalian. The boy was praised for his bravery. D、從句作狀語 When she was 12 years old, she began to live in Dalian. If I am not busy tomorrow, I will play football with you. E、分詞作狀語 Having had a quarrel with his wife, he left home in a bad temper。 Inhibited in one direction, it now seems that the Mississippi is about to take another.
補語
英語中補語的作用對象是主語和賓語,具有鮮明的定語性描寫或限制性功能,在句法上是不可或缺的。補語是起補充說明作用的成份。最常見的是賓語補足語。名詞、動名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、現在分詞、過去分詞都可以在句子中作賓補。 1、主語的補語 它用在系動詞後，是句子的壹個基本成分。常用主－系－表結構。 1.I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her. 我看到她和他們在壹起，至少，至少我認為是她。（her做賓 語，them做介詞賓語，her做主語補語） 2.. -- Who broke the vase? --誰打碎了花瓶？ -- Me. --我。 （me做主語補語= It's me.） 3.John hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was she. （she做主語補語） 約翰希望那位乘客是瑪麗，還真是她。 2、賓語的補語 1.不定式(to do) Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父親不讓我們在街上玩耍。 We believe him to be guilty. 我們相信他是有罪的。 We made him copy the sentence. He is made to copy the sentence. I felt my hands tremble. 2.名詞 At the meeting we elected him monitor. I think your brother a clever boy. 3.形容詞 What you said made Xiao Wang angry. I found the classroom empty 4.副詞 Please call the students back at once. He was seen to take his cap off. 5.現在分詞 We hear him singing in the hall. I found him lying in bed, sleeping. 6.過去分詞 He saw his face reflected in the water. I heard it spoken of in the next room.
表語
表語是用來說明主語的性質,身份,特征和狀態。表語須和連系動詞壹起構成句子的復合謂語。表語壹般放在系動詞之後。表語可以由名詞,形容詞或起名詞和形容詞作用的詞和短語擔任。 These desks are yellow. 這些桌子是黃色的。 I am all right. 我沒事。 We are happy now. 我們現在很幸福。 It's over. 時間到了。 She is ten. 她十歲了。 My work is teaching English, 我的工作是教英語。 The dictionary is in the bag. 詞典在書包裏邊。 My question is how you knew him. 我的問題是妳如何認識他的。
同位語
當兩個指同壹事物的句子成分放在同等位置時，壹個句子成分可被用來說明或解釋另壹個句子成分，前者就叫做後者的同位語（appositive）.這兩個句子成分多由名詞（代詞）擔任，同位語通常皆放在其說明的名詞（代詞）之後。 This is Miss Chen, our English teacher. 這是陳小姐，我們的英語老師。 My parents both are teacher. 我父母倆都是老師。 We all like sports. 我們都喜歡運動。