1. for example/for instance後面直接論述妳自己的例子。（當然，如果有更好的說法，“盡量避免在文章中使用for example, such as, take……for example，因為口語化”
2. a variety of scientist/philosophy/cases illustrate this point/issue/phenomenon（well）
使用：對於核心詞匯，illustrate的使用，特別是用在舉例中，
它的意思是：to make clear by giving or by serving as an example or instance，可以看出，illustrate本身就必須和examples聯系起來。
註意以下幾個例句：
（1）A single example will serve to illustrate the point.
只舉壹個例子就可以把問題說清楚了。
（註意，serve to和illustrate結合使用）
（2）To illustrate my point I have done a comparative analysis.
為說明我的觀點，我做了對比分析。
（3）Could you illustrate this question with some examples?
妳能舉些實例來說明這個問題嗎？
（4） I think this can serve to illustrate New Democracy.
我想這可以比喻新民主主義。
3. sb./sth. /serves/can be used as/ a /typical/representative/ /example/illustration/.
4. a case in point is that……
5. as to the realm of ……(填入某壹領域), the case of……（妳所要舉的例子）serves as a good example to illustrate.
6. While such examples are rear, the do occur occasionally, for example……（填入妳的舉例）
7. Paragons such as……, respectively, come immediately to my mind.
8. /History/The society/ /is replete with/abound in/brim over with/ examples of ……或者改寫為There is abundant examples of…… in our life.
9. take a case of …… as an example
10. such as……
還有壹些詞和短語表達的雖然不完全是舉例，但是是可以用來引出壹段論證或例子的，也羅列在下面：
11. namely,adv. 即, 也就是(用於具體舉例)：
例如：（1）Only one person can do the job, namely you.
只有壹個人能做這項工作，那就是妳。
12.regarding……(短語，因為本身是介詞＝about)
（1）He knew nothing regarding the case.
關於這件事他壹無所知。
13.as regards……（短語）
（1） As regards the second point in your letter...
關於妳信中的第二點...
（2）As regards economic issues, he agreed with our view.
在經濟問題上，他同意我們的看法。
（3）As regards that matter I'm quite of your opinion.
關於那件事，我很同意妳的意見。
14.as to whether ……（句子）
（1）They are divided as to whether it is worth doing.
這事是否值得做，他們看法不壹致。
（2）He's very uncertain as to whether it's the right job for him.
這件工作對他是否合適，他毫無把握。
（3）She was in a dilemma as to whether to stay at school or get a job.
她進退兩難，不知該留在學校讀書還是找份工作做。
15.in terms of……(加短語)
（1）To perceive in terms of past experiences.
憑借以往經驗來察覺
（2）wealth reckoned in terms of money.
以錢幣形式表現的財富。
16.in respect of……(加短語)
（1）Her work is good in respect of quality but bad in respect of quantity.
她的工作質量好但是數量差。
17.with respect to……(短語)
（1）To be like with respect to specified qualities.
相當在某些具體特質上與…相似
二、 引用：
（壹） 引用的對象：
可以是名人名言，也可以是大眾的話－用別人的嘴說出自己想說的話。
（二） 如何引用：
1. As sb. once said(and I paraphrase)
2. according to sb.,……(插入語，對這個sb.進行介紹)， once said……(名言),which is to say……（自己的論證）
3. （先引用名言）接下來說：Although I’m not a /student/specialist/ of ……（某行業／專業）, my understanding is that……（對名言的解釋）
三、 引申論證：
四、 反證法：
五、 論證中的轉折過渡：
1．……（正面說）however, as universally acknowledged, any good thing will become bad if going to its extreme,……（反面說）
2. …… serves as a two edged sword……
3./overextended/undue/ …… serves to be counterproductive or even harmful.
4.as a coin has two sides,……
5…… however, like anything /inchoate/incipient/……(說明弊端)此句用於說明新生事物的缺點
六、邏輯連接詞：
（壹）表示先後次序：
1. at this time
2. to begin with…… to sum up/in sum
3. previously
4. for one thing…… for another 用於說壹個事物的兩個方面
5. firstly……secondly……finally 其中finally也可以單獨使用，表示最後壹點的論述
6. simultaneously=at the same time
7. eventually=in the end=at last
8. last but not least
9. following this
10. proceeding this
（二）表因果關系：
1. being that:因為（寫作中盡量少使用，因為是方言性質的詞匯）
2. owing to=due to: because of, as a result of（是比較正規的表示“由於、因為”含義的詞匯，建議多用due to因為出現的時間較晚，比較貼近現實）
3. for the reason that
4. in the view of=in regard to : in consideration of 考慮到，由於。
5. therefore
6. consequently=as a consequence=in consequence
7. hence : because of a preceding fact or premise=THEREFORE
8. accordingly=so=consequently
9. thereupon=whereupon=consequently
10. whereupon
11. because=because of
12. since
13. so
14. thus
（三）表轉折關系：
1. yet=but
2. nevertheless=nonetheless: in spite of that=however（nonetheless出現的比nevertheless出現的晚）
3. however
4. despite that=in spite of
5. regardless of=in spite of（regardless of比in spite of 出現晚）
6. and yet
7. but yet（6，7類似於yet）
在議論文中常見的是在讓步後加以轉折，使文章顯得更有條理，更有說服力,所以，下面順帶來說說表示讓步的連接詞：
1. naturally :（當然） according to the usual course of things : as might be expected 例句： We naturally dislike being hurt。
2. granted=granting that（假定……, 就算……）例句：Granted that you have some progress, you should not be conceited. 翻譯：即使妳有了壹些進步，也不該驕傲。
3. of course
4. admittedly 例句： Admittedly, we took a chance. 翻譯：必須承認，我們有投機心理。
5. provided=on conditions that
6. while it is true that……
（四）並列關系：
1. and
2. as well as
3. both……and……
4. either……or……
5. neither……nor……
6. again
7. also
（註意：借用表達同時含義的詞也可以表達並列關系，如：at the same time, simultaneously）
（五）遞進關系：
1. furthermore=besides : in addition to what precedes
2. moreover=besides=what is more
3. not……but……
4. in addition
5. additionally=furthermore
6. on one hand……on the other hand……（此詞組也可以表示年個裏並列、對比的含義）
7. not only……but also……
8. ……meanwhile……=meantime
9. likewise
10．further
（六）表類比關系：
之壹：比較相同點：
1. in like manner
2. in comparison with
3. compared with
4. likewise=in like manner=similarly
5. in the same way
6. similarly
7. equally
8. just as
之二：比較不同點：
1. while
2. notwithstanding 例句：notwithstanding their inexperience, they were an immediate success
3. rather=instead 例句：It was no better but rather grew worse
4. rather than
5. on the contrary
6. whereas(而、卻、反之) 例句：He is ill, whereas I am only a little tired.
7. in contrast=on the contrary
（七）表示強調：
1. in fact（其實，事實上）
2. especially（在後面直接跟上妳要強調的內容）
3. particularly
4. in particular=specifically
5. moreover
6. in reality（實際上，事實上）
7. what is more important
8. indeed=in reality
9. not to mention（更不用說）
10. undoubtedly（毫無疑問的）
11. no doubt
12. without doubt
13. certainly
14. absolutely
（八）表示條件關系：
1. once…… ：壹旦 例句：If one once losses confidence, he can never expect to do his work well. 翻譯：壹旦失去信心，就別想做好工作。
2. unless…… ：如果不，除非 例句：We shall not call the meeting unless absolutely possible. 翻譯：除非絕對必要，我們將不召開會議。
3. if……（這個詞我們太熟悉了，我就不舉例子了）
4. lest……: for fear that 用法：often used after an expression denoting fear or apprehension 例句I was worried lest she should be late.
I hesitant to speak out lest he be fired.
5. provided (that)…… 例句：provided that circumstances permit 翻譯：如果條件允許的話
6. if possible……（如果可能的話）
7. if so……（如果這樣的話）
（九）表示總結：
1. to sum up
2. in sum
3. on the whole: 1) : in view of all the circumstances or conditions : all things considered 2) : in general : in most instances : TYPICALLY
4. in short: by way of summary=briefly
5. therefore
6. consequently
7. in brief
8. in conclusion
9. in summary
10. to conclude
11. in conclusion
12. at length : 1) : FULLY, COMPREHENSIVELY 2) : at last : FINALLY
13．to summarize
14. to put it in a nutshell
15. all in all
16. in all