主格: I we you she he it they
賓格: me us you her him it them
形容詞性物主代詞:my our your her his its their
名詞性物主代詞: mine ours yours hers his its theirs
2.形容詞和副詞的比較級
(1) 壹般在形容詞或副詞後+er
older taller longer stronger, etc
(2) 多音節詞前+more
more interesting, etc.
(3) 雙寫最後壹個字母,再+er
bigger fatter, etc.
(4) 把y變i,再+er
heavier, earlier
(5) 不規則變化:
well-better, much/many-more, etc.
3.可數詞的復數形式
Most nouns + s a book –books
Nouns ending in a consonant +y - y+ ies a story—stories
Nouns ending in s, sh, ch or x + es a glass—glasses a watch-watches
Nouns ending in o +s or +es a piano—pianos a mango—mangoes
Nouns ending in f or fe - f or fe +ves a knife –knives a shelf-shelves
4.不可數名詞(單復數形式不變)
bread, rice, water ,juice etc.
5. 縮略形式
I’m = I am you’re = you are she’s = she is he’s = he is
it’s = it is who’s =who is can’t =can not isn’t=is not etc
6. a/an
a book, a peach
an egg an hour
7. Preposition:
on, in ,in front of, between, next to, near, beside, at, behind.
表示時間: at six o’clock, at Christmas, at breakfast
on Monday on 15th July On National Day
in the evening in December in winter
8. 基數詞和序數詞
one – first two-second twenty-twentieth
9. Some /any
I have some toys in my bedroom.
Do you have any brothers or sisters?
10. be 動詞
(1) Basic form: am/are/is
(2) 肯定和否定句 I am(not) from London.
My eyes are(not) small.
My hair is(not) long.
(3)壹般疑問句: Am I a Chniese? Yes, you are. No, you aren’t.
Are they American? Yes, they are. No, they aren’t.
Is the cat fat? Yes, it is. No, it isn’t.
11. there be 結構
肯定句: There is a …
There are …
壹般疑問句:Is there …? Yes, there is./ No, there isn’t.
Are there…? Yes, there are. /No, there aren’t.
否定句: There isn’t …. There aren’t….
12. 祈使句
Sit down please
Don’t sit down, please.
13. 現在進行時.通常用“now”.
形式: be + verb +ing
eg: I am(not) doing my homework.
You/We/They are(not) reading.
He/She/It is(not) eating.
動詞 —ing 的形式
Most verbs +ing walk—walking
Verbs ending in e -e + ing come—coming
Short verbs ending in a vowel + a consonant run –running swim—swimming
14 壹般現在時。通常用 “usually, often, every day, sometimes”。
形式:
肯定句:
I go to school on foot every day.
She goes to school on foot every day.
在英語裏的詞性有如下這些:
1,名詞,Nouns (n.) 表示人或事物的名稱 box, pen,tree,apple
2,代詞,Pronouns (pron.)代替名詞、數詞、形容詞We, this, them,myself
3,形容詞, Adjectives(adj.) 用來修飾名詞,表示人或事物的特征 good, sad, high, short
4,數詞,Numerals(num.)表示數目或順序 one,two, first
5,動詞,Verb (v.) 表示動作或狀態 Jump,sing,visit
6,副詞,Adverbs(adv.) 修飾動、形、副等詞,表示動作特征 there,widely,suddenly
7,冠詞,Articles (art.) 用在名詞前,幫助說明名詞所指的範圍 a, an, the
8,介詞,Prepositions (prep.) 用在名詞或代詞前,說明它與別的詞的關系 in,on,down,up
9,連詞,Conjunctions (conj.) 表示人或事物的名稱if,because,but
10,感嘆詞, Interjections (int.) 代替名詞、數詞、形容詞等 oh,hello,hi,yeah
vt.是及物動詞,vt.後必須跟賓語:sing a song
vi.是不及物動詞,vi.後不直接帶賓語或不帶賓語:jump high
情態動詞
情態動詞,在英文中主要用來表示說話人的看法、態度等。它很接近中文裏的能願動詞。從用法上來說,它有這樣幾個特點: 1)各個情態動詞自身都有壹定的詞義。 2)情態動詞不能在句中獨立擔當謂語。 3)情態動詞在句中不受任何人稱,性,數變化的影響。常見的情態動詞如下:
can(could)
shall(should)/will(would)
may(might)
must
need
dare
ought(除這個是接to以外,以上各個詞都是直接接動詞原形)
1.主謂壹致
1.1並列結構作主語時謂語用復數
例如:Reading and writing are very important. 讀和寫都是非常重要的。
[註意]: 當主語由and連接時,如果它表示壹個單壹的概念,即指同壹人或同壹物時,謂語動詞用單數,and 此時連接的兩個詞前只有壹個冠詞。
例如:The iron and steel industry is very important to our life.鋼鐵工業對於我們的生活來說是非常重要的。
1.2主謂壹致中的靠近原則
1)當there be 句型的主語是壹系列事物時,謂語應與最鄰近的主語保持壹致。
例如:There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk……桌上有筆、小刀和幾本書。
2)當either… or… 與neither… nor, 連接兩個主語時,謂語動詞與最鄰近的主語保持壹致。
例如:Either you or she is to go.要麽是妳走,要麽是她走。
Neither I nor he is to blame.我和他都不應該受責備。
1.3謂語動詞與前面的主語壹致
當主語後面跟有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等詞引起的短語時,謂語動詞與最前面的主語壹致。
例如:The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory.老師和壹些學生在參觀工廠。
He as well as I wants to go boating.他和我都想去劃船。
1.4謂語需用單數的情況
1) 代詞each和由every, some, no, any等構成的復合代詞作主語,或主語中含有each, every, 謂語需用單數。
例如:Each of us has a tape-recorder.我們每個人都有壹臺錄音機。
There is something wrong with my watch.我的表出問題了。
2) 當主語是壹本書或壹條格言時,謂語動詞常用單數。
例如:The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English.>是英語愛好者熟悉的壹本好書。
3) 表示金錢,時間,價格或度量衡的復合名詞作主語時,通常把這些名詞看作壹個整體,謂語壹般用單數。
例如:Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.允許用三周的時間做必要的準備工作。
Ten yuan is enough.十元錢足夠了。
1.5指代意義決定謂語的單復數
1) 集體名詞作主語時,謂語的數要根據主語的意思來決定。如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等詞後用復數形式時,意為這個集體中的各個成員,用單數時表示該集體。
例如:His family isn’t very large.他家不是壹個大家庭。
His family are music lovers. 他的家人都是音樂愛好者。
但集合名詞people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情況下都用復數形式。
例如:Are there any police around?周圍有警察嗎?
2)有些名詞,如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有時看作單數,有時看作復數。
例如:A number of +名詞復數+復數動詞
The number of +名詞復數+單數動詞
例如:A number of books have lent out.不少書都被借出去了。
The majority of the students like English.大多數學生喜歡學英語。
1.6 與後接名詞或代詞保持壹致
1) 用half of, part of, most of, a portion of 等詞引起主語時,動詞通常與of後面的名詞,代詞保持壹致。
例如:Most of his money is spent on books.他的錢大多用來買書了。
Most of the students are taking an active part in sports.大部分學生都能積極參加體育活動。
2) 在壹些短語,如 many a 或 more than one 所修飾的詞作主語時,謂語動詞多用單數形式。但由more than… of 作主語時,動詞應與其後的名詞或代詞保持壹致。
例如:Many a person has read the novel. 許多人都讀過這本書。
More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的學生都來自這個城市。
2.名詞和代詞壹致
2.1 代詞與其代替或修飾的名詞在人稱和性別上必須保持壹致。
例如:(錯誤) Those of us who are over fifty years old should get their blood pressure checked regularly.
(正確) Those of us who are over fifty years old should get our blood pressure checked regularly.
我們中五十歲以上的人應該定期地檢查血壓。
3.同等成分壹致
3.1句子中的同等成分應該在結構上保持壹致,否則會失去平衡和協調。
例如:(錯誤)She is not only famous in China but also abroad.
(正確)She is famous not only in China but also abroad.
她不僅在中國,在國際上也很有名氣。
3.2在比較結構中,被比較的事物應是同等成分。
例如:(錯誤)The workers in that factory are fewer than our factory.
(正確)The workers in that factory are fewer than those in our factory.
那個工廠的工人比我們廠的工人少。
代詞、數詞、介詞、和連詞
上面我們已經講了動詞、名詞、形容詞和副詞的用法。中考中當然也會涉及到其他諸如代詞、數詞、介詞、和連詞等的用法。下面我就簡單提醒大家每類詞需註意的地方。
1.代詞
同學們需掌握以下不定代詞:all, each, both, either, neither, one, none, little, few, many, much, other, another, some, any, no以及由some, any, no, every構成的合成詞如 nobody等,並註意不定代詞的定語後置,如something English
2.數詞
同學們需要記住壹些特殊拼寫的序數詞。如:第1—— first 第2—— second 第3—— third 第5—— fifth 第9—— ninth第12—— twelfth 第20—— twentieth
另外需要記住以下短語:hundreds of 數以百計thousands of 數以千計tens of thousands of 數以萬計several millions of好幾百萬 但表示確切的百或千時不能用復數形式,如:ten thousandthree million
3.介詞
介詞的考察內容主要是介詞短語,特別是那些有固定搭配和固定用法的介詞短語。這類短語比較多,這裏我不再壹壹贅述,大家可以看《初中英語復習指導》第204頁至208頁上的詞組。但我要特別提幾個以前舊教材所沒有的短語,請大家註意。
如,speak highly of高度贊揚 regard… as …視為,把……看做…… make a contribution to doing sth 為……做貢獻
4.連詞
同學們需要特別記憶以下連詞或連詞短語:neither…nor…either…or…not only…but also…both…and…前三個短語引導主語時,謂語動詞需遵循就近原則。
如,Neither you nor I am right. 妳和我都不正確。
Either Lucy or Lily is going there. 不是Lucy就是Lily要去那兒。
那麽both…and…連接主語時,謂語動詞要用復數形式。
如,Both Lucy and Lily are going there.
句子的種類
1.應特別註意掌握的簡單句
有介詞的特殊疑問句
在特殊問句中,作為介詞賓語的疑問代詞可以與介詞分離,放在句首,而把介詞放在句尾。
如,Whom do you travel with?當然,也可以把介詞放在句首。
總之,不要把介詞丟掉。
有插入語的特殊疑問句
在特殊問句中,經常可以看到這樣的句子:Where do you think they may go?其中,do you think 是疑問式插入語,其余部分是think的賓語從句。註意,疑問式插入語同句子的其余部分不用逗號分開。
疑問式插入語還有do you hope, do you guess 等。在肯定句中也有插入語。如:That man, I guess, is neither a policeman nor a soldier. 在肯定句的插入語要用逗號與句子的其他部分分開。去掉插入語,該句子仍然是個完整的句子。
You’d better (not)… (do sth.) 這個說法常用於提出“勸告,建議,告戒”。 比較委婉的有禮貌的說法是 Would you like …? 或 What about (doing)…?如,It’s too dark. You’d better leave at once. I’m afraid (that) … I’m afraid (that) I can’t go with you today. 常用來委婉地表示自己的看法或預料壹件令人不悅的事情。
2.並列句
並列句的考查重點是並列連詞。並列連詞有and, or, but, both… and, neither… nor, either… or, not only… but also…等。
3.復合句
復合句考查的主要內容是賓語從句、狀語從句和定語從句。
①賓語從句
賓語從句的考查要點是:時態的呼應、人稱的壹致、詞序等。
A.賓語從句的連接詞:賓語從句本身是敘述句是,用that 引導。He said (that) he would leave on March 12 next weeek.賓語從句本身是特殊疑問句時,用疑問詞引導。 Do you know where we can find our teacher?賓語從句本身是壹般疑問句時,用if 或whether引導。I don’t know if / whether he has done that.
B. 賓語從句與主句時態的呼應。主句謂語是現在時和將來時的時候,賓語從句的動詞時態不受影響。如,It is said that the panda was sent to America last month.主句是過去時態,從句謂語要做適當調整:
a)由現在時調整為過去時。I didn’t know you were also here.
b)由將來時調整為過去將來時He said that he would go to Beijing the next week.
c)過去時態多數不受影響,但“壹般過去時”常調整為“過去完成時”,尤其是從句中有before, since 壹類的時間狀語時,多調整為“過去完成時”如:She said she had worked at this school before her father came to this city.
②狀語從句
狀語從句有時間狀語從句(常由when, while, before, after, until, as soon as等詞引導)、地點狀語從句(常有where 引導)、原因狀語從句(常有because, since, as 引導,這三詞所表達的語氣由because到as逐漸減弱,由why提出的問題必須用because 來回答), 條件狀語從句(常由if引導)、結果狀語從句(常由such … that…, so…that…, so that等引導 )、讓步狀語從句(常由though, although引導)。
③定語從句
其考查內容主要是正確使用關系代詞{who(指人)、that(指人或物)、which(指物)} , etc. 定語從句壹般緊跟在修飾詞的後面,如:She is the person who I want to see. 她就是我想見到的人。有時,為了使句子平衡,也可把定語從句與所修飾詞分開。
同學們還記得這樣壹句話嗎?Then a screen came up that read,“Congratulations!” 這是第三冊第54課中的壹個句子。
下面我們來看壹些例子:
1. The traveller was ___ tired that she couldn’t walk on.
A. so B. very C. too D. quite
答案:A
2.Do you know ___ ten years ago?
A. where does he live B. where he lives
C. where did he live D. where he lived
答案:D
3.He didn’t go home ___ he finished the work.
A. since B. if C. because D. until
答案:D
4.I was reading the newspaper ___ I heard a loud shout outside
A. while B. when C. though D. as
答案:B
5.I don’t know the man ___ is cleaning the door.A. that B. where C. what D. who
答案:D
練習:
1.I didn’t remember ___ the woman before.
A. where I had seen B. where I have seen
C. where had I seen D. where have I seen
答案:A
2.It was raining heavily ___ we got to Paris.
A. while B. if C. when D. because
答案:C
3.The plane hasn’t arrived. Can you tell me ___?
A. what time is the plane late B. why is the plane late
C. why the plane is late D. what time the plane is late
答案:C
4.I don’t know if ___tomorrow?
A. it doesn’t rain B. the rain will stops C. the rains won’t stop D. it won’t rain
答案:D
名詞
名詞在中考單項選擇試題中,除了時態,名詞的考查頻率也較高。壹般考查以下幾點:
壹、 可數名詞與不可數名詞
在可數名詞與不可數名詞上壹般出現這樣幾類,
(1)分辨是哪壹類名詞,並根據結論做選擇。
(2)可數名詞復數的不規則變化。
(3)不可數名詞的量化表達。
所以,考生首先要能夠明確哪些是可數名詞,哪些是不可數名詞。其次,還要知道可數名詞的復數的變化規則。可數名詞的變化規則壹般是在單詞後面加-s 或-es,如:1desk——desks bed——beds piano——pianos hat——hats bag——bags photo——photos
2 bus——buses box——boxes watch——watches brush——brushes
3tomato——tomatoes potato——potatoeshero——heroes Negro——Negroes
4 leaf——leaves knife——knives5baby——babies family——families
另外,還要記住壹些特殊的名詞的變化形式,如:
Chinese——Chinese Japanese——Japanese Englishman——Englishmen
Frenchman——Frenchmen Russian——Russians American——Americans
German —— Germans child——children foot——feet man——men
woman——women tooth——teeth goose —— geesedeer——deer
sheep——sheep
還要掌握不可數名詞的量化表達有: a piece of、a bag of、a bottle of、a cup of、a glass of
另外,大家應註意:單數集合名詞作主語時謂語動詞“數的”變化:單數集合名詞如class, police, family, school, group, team等。盡管形式上是單數,意義上都是復數,因此,壹般要與復數謂語動詞連用,例如:Class Five have a foreign friend. 五班有壹位外國朋友。(這裏的五班指五班的同學的。)His family are good to me. 他的家人對我很好。(很顯然,這裏的family指家庭成員。)當上述集合名詞著重指“整體”時, 意義上則是單數,因此,要與單數謂語動詞連用。例如,Our school team often plays well in our city. 我們的校隊經常在我們市踢得很好。(這裏的team 指整個隊,但意義上仍為單數,故謂語動詞用plays.
二、名詞所有格
名詞所有格有兩種形式:壹是加’s,壹種是用of來表示。壹般情況下,指某人的某物用’s表示,而指某物的什麽用of 短語來表示。另外,要註意凡是以s結尾的名詞或規則名詞的復數,不能直接加’s,而應該加-’即可。例如,boys’ clothes girls’ dresses. 不過,註意例外情況,例如, the boss’s handwriting,其中the boss’s 的-’s不可省略。因為在英語中,如果以-s 或-ss 結尾的名詞不是復數復數形式,那麽其名詞所有格仍加-’s.那麽妳會說“瓊斯的小汽車”嗎?對,Jones’s car.下面我們來做壹部分習題。
1.June 1st is ___ Day.A. Child’s B. Childs’ C. Childrens’ D. Children’s
答案:D
2.I need ___ paper, Mum. I want to write ___ letter to my English teacher.
A. any, some B. some, a C. a, some D. some,any
答案:B
3.There are two ___ and three ___ on the table.
A. knifes, forks B. knifes, fork C. knives, forkes D. knives, forks
答案:D
4.We have got a lot of___ today.
A. newspaper to read B. homework to do C. homeworks to doD. book to read
答案:B
5.We could see __ children and hear ___ noise in the park.
A. many, many B. much, much C. many, much D. much, many
答案:C
6.Will you pass me ___?
A. a few pieces of chalk B. a few chalks C. a few of chalks D. some chalks
答案:A
7.___ has been invited to the dancing party.
A. A friend of her B. A friend of hers C. Friends of hers D. Friends of her
答案:B
練習:
1.September 10th is ___ Day.
A. the Teacher B. Teachers’ C. Teacher D. Teacher’s
答案:B
2.——Can I help you, sir?
——I’d like to have 100___. I want the students to draw pictures on them.
A. piece of paper B. pieces of paper C. papers D. paper
答案:B
3.——Would you like ___ milk, please?
——No, thank you. I still have some.A. some more B. an C. a little of D. all
答案:A
4.___ the old woman is in!
A. What good health B. How a good health
C. What a good health D. How good health
答案:A
①What + a(n) + 形容詞 + 單數名詞 + 主語 + 謂語!
②What + 形容詞 + 復數名詞 + 主語 + 謂語!
③What + 形容詞 + 不可數名詞 + 主語 + 謂語!
④How + 形容詞/副詞 + 主語 + 謂語!
⑤How + 形容詞 + a(n) + 名詞 + 主語 + 謂語!
⑥How + 主語 + 謂語!
5.I’m going to help ___ with ___ English.
A. a friend of Nancy, hers B. a friend of Nancy’s, her
C. a friend of Nancy’s, hers D. a friend of Nancy, her
答案:B
6.The two desks here are ___. You may use the desk over there.
A. Mary and Jane B. Marys and Janes C. Mary and Jane’sD. Mary’s and Jane’s
答案:D
on,at,in 的用法
on,at,in這三個常用介詞都可以表示時間和地點,但具體用法不同,多數學生對它們混淆不清。現在只要記住了口訣,就可避免at,on,in的種種誤用。
1. on,in,at表示時間
on“在具體某壹天”①
“當某時”,動名詞, arrival,death前;early,late位句先②,用in壹般“上”“下”“晚”;on用於天,in用於月、季、年③;限定三時in要變。④at是個時間點,“工作”“時刻”與“聖誕”⑤。at noon(night),in the day,習慣用語記心間。
註:①on表示在具體某壹天及具體某壹天的上午、下午和晚上。
例 On mother's Day, we should send flowers to our mother. 母親節,我們應該送花給我們的母親。
On my arrival home,I found he had gone already.當我到家時,我發現他已經走了。
② 當early,late用於句首修飾介詞短語時,盡管表示具體某壹天的上午、下午、晚上,都要用in,泛指壹般的上、下午,晚上也用in 。
例 Early in the morning of National Day,I got up to catch the first bus to the zoo. 國慶節壹清早,我便起床去趕到動物園的第壹班公***汽車。
My father begins work at 8:00 in the morning and stops work at 4:00 in the afternoon. 我父親上午8點上班,下午4點下班。
③於將來時態表示“過壹段時間後” 及表示“在……期間” 和“在某個季節,某年、某月” 都用in。
例 I hear he’ll be back in a month.我聽說他將於壹個月後回來。
In the course of the last lesson in French,little Franz was listening to the master very attentively.在那最後壹堂法語課中,小弗朗茲非常用心地聽著老師講。
Xiao Ming was born in December of 2004. 小明生於2004年12月。
④當 morning,afternoon,evening有前位定語或後置定語限定時,就不用in而用on。
例 on a hot (summer) noon 在壹個炎熱(夏天)的中午
on Monday morning 在星期壹上午
on the morning of March 8th在3月8日上午
⑤ 表示某時某刻及在work,Christmas前用at。
例 We get up at eight o’clock. 我們8點起床。
My father are busily at work all day. 我父親整天忙於工作。
In western countries children get present from their parents at Christmas. 在西方國家,孩子們在聖誕節得到父親給的禮物。