障礙閱讀效率的因素之壹是閱讀心理障礙和閱讀觀念的錯誤。由於習慣了基礎階段字、詞、句、譯的初學模式，學生們自然形成了壹種比較固定的閱讀模式，即：詞語—句字—語法—翻譯—(答案)，結果不僅閱讀速度慢，而且不能把握文章的主要脈絡，更可怕的是忽略了整體理解，缺乏宏觀的英語閱讀能力。
閱讀習慣和速度
由於“求精”“求細”“求知識”的閱讀模式影響，不少學生養成了壹些不良閱讀習慣，這些不良閱讀習慣反過來制約了閱讀效率。這些不良習慣有：
1.閱讀視幅(eye span)小
閱讀視幅指眼睛每停留壹次所能清晰地感知文字的廣度，視幅對閱讀的影響表現在兩個方面：壹是每看壹眼能看清字數的多少；二是眼睛定置的次數與時間的關系，好的讀者不會把單詞作為註視點逐字閱讀而是以意群為閱讀註視點，要想提高閱讀效率，需要克服小視幅的障礙，要在平時的閱讀中有意識地訓練自己。
2.聲讀或心讀
聲讀是指在閱讀時喃喃自語地把每個單詞念出聲來，有時也可能是無聲地動動嘴唇，也有人稱其為唇讀。另壹種較難察覺的聲讀形式是心讀，即在內心想象著或默吟著每個單詞的發音，往往用手指著讀。這種聲讀或心讀很可能是早期英語學習時以發音閱讀為中心的學習方法和精讀中養成的閱讀習慣所導致的結果。這樣做不僅有礙閱讀速度，而且會過分依賴語言而易忽略語意，從而影響閱讀的廣度和深度。
3.回讀
回讀就是再次返回來重新閱讀，又稱為倒讀或復讀，這是由於讀者對已讀過的內容、句子、詞等感覺不放心所導致的。回讀雖不能完全避免，但次數過多，肯定會對閱讀效率產生影響。另外回讀的習慣也是由於過分重視微觀語言現象所致，習慣回讀的同學習慣於有對應的漢語翻譯，否則會有不安全的感覺，導致對所讀的內容缺乏自信心。我們應該明白對壹篇文章的理解是整體的，有時是大致的，相對的，則可以避免過細過微的閱讀習慣，克服不良閱讀習慣。
4.不了解西方寫作結構的特點
壹般西方寫作結構的特點是：
1. Topic sentence ( subject, controlling idea ) 主題句
2. Supporting sentence (A) 支持主題句的事例或細節
3. Supporting sentence (B) 支持主題句的事例或細節
4. Supporting sentence (C) 支持主題句的事例或細節
5. Concluding sentence 結論
請閱讀下面的例文：
Everywhere, you will always find “the white-haired boy”, sometimes called “the fair-haired boy”. He gets special treatment, as if he were above everyone else. You will find him in school, in college, at home, or where you work.
In school, he is the teacher’s darling who can do nothing wrong. Sometimes she lets him do little jobs for her. He comes to class in the morning, all shiny and clean. He is always raising his hand, ready with an answer to the teacher’s questions. And he knows all the answers. He gets in you hair, especially if you are at the bottom of the class and the teacher you are stupid. How you hate him!
At college, he walks——more often stride——across the school grounds as if he owned them. Sometimes he wears a colorful football or basketball shirt or sweater, with a bright red, or green or yellow college letter proudly worn on the front of it. What broad shoulders and what muscles he has! He makes the girls happy by just smiling at them. He has the mark of success on him.
At home, “the fair-haired boy” is mother’s choice, her favorite. Sometimes, he is the oldest son——at times, the youngest. If you are in between, you are out of luck.
Then, you discover that there are others who share your feeling, and are ready to “let their hair down”——to tell you their private thoughts. One of them asks, “Why does he have all that I haven’t got?” You ask yourself the same question.
Finally, there comes a day when you decide to stop hating him. Is it perhaps became he has been made the boss and you find yourself working for him?
1、From the passage we can know “the white-haired boy” is _______________.
A、a boy whose hair is white B、a pet that does nothing wrong
C、a child who is his mother’s favorite child
D、a person who is lucky all the time
2、“He gets in your hair” (in Paragraph 2) means “ ”
A、he plays tricks on you
B、he does up your hair
C、he makes you a little angry
D、he cuts your hair too short
3、Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A、The middle son is considered the unluckiest at home.
B、The top student at college is the white-haired boy.
C、Wearing colorful clothes can make you attractive.
D、The teacher in school treats her students unfairly.
4、In the author’s opinion, you finally stop hating the “white-haired boy” because __________。
A、you have no choice but to face the fact
B、you decide to try your best to be better than him
C、you have been made the boss by him
D、you are beginning to admire him
同學們在閱讀本文時要利用壹些閱讀的技巧，如：
1) 確認，分辨
確認就是要將有關的詞句、指稱看準確，切勿張冠李戴，要行意結合，通過句式結構和語言意義正確把握語篇內容，同時對壹句話或壹個段落要進行分辨，看講的是壹個意思還是幾個意思，是屬於壹個層面還是屬於幾個層面，並具有深層的含義，切勿囫圇吞棗。本文理解的關鍵就是第壹題的the fair-haired boy.
2) 預期，印證
在閱讀中對上下文應有預期的能力，根據語篇的信息線索，主動地預期下文情節的發展，作者思路的走向。要把握好這種thread of thought(思維主線)，還可以借助段落、綱領或主題句以及壹些具體信息。還可以通過語篇的承接語，如however, yet, though等，以及句子功能的標識語(indicator)等，還可以根據自己的前經驗、知識及上下文對當時所讀的書面信息或預期作出印證。
3) 聯系，推斷
由於每壹個語篇都是有主題的，而且是有序關聯的。因此在閱讀時壹定要註意前後聯系，上下關系，同時也要做到表裏聯系———通過表層語言推斷出深層含義，內外聯系———借助外圍背景知識推斷理解書面信息。這種宏觀閱讀能提高讀者的聯想能力和理解能力。
4) 語域，語境
每壹個語篇都是有語域的，也就是說語篇所表達的環境定位、人物之間的關系、語篇的性質等。語境指語篇中的各種語言環境因素，其中包括上下文、言語語氣、暗示等內容。了解語域和語境對於準確理解語篇起著非常關鍵的作用。因此，要學會利用語域和語境。而且是善於運用於閱讀之中，如例文的第2題，註意語境especially if you are at the bottom of the class and the teacher you are stupid. How you hate him!
5) 歸納，總結
以上閱讀理解的基本要素不是互為孤立的，而是有機結合、互相滲透的。學生在平時的閱讀中要有意識地進行自我訓練，利用綜合信息，善於得出結論，例文的話題是比較容易歸納和總結的，即：the white-hair boy is always lucky and fortunate, 如例文的第4題。