Teachers need real feedback
演講者： Bill Gates
語言： 英語
簡介： 2013 |?直到現在，很多教師每年得到的教學反饋都仍只是壹個詞：“滿意”。這種千篇壹律的教學反饋，和與之配套的實際優化訓練的缺失，著實無益於課堂教學的進步。誠如比爾·蓋茨所言，好的反饋甚至能幫助最優秀的教師取得新的進步。基於這種理念，蓋茨的基金會展開了壹個MET項目，致力於將好的反饋帶入每個課堂，全面改善教育現狀，實現教學相長。
? 中英對照翻譯
Everyone needs a coach. It doesn't matter whether you're a basketball player, a tennis player, a gymnast or a bridge player.
每壹個人都需要壹位教練。無論妳是籃球運動員，網球運動員，體操選手或者是打橋牌的。
My bridge coach, Sharon Osberg, says there are more pictures of the back of her head than anyone else's in the world. (Laughter)Sorry, Sharon. Here you go.
我的橋牌教練，Sharon Osberg，說包含她後腦勺的照片比世界上其他任何人的都多。（笑聲）抱歉，Sharon。這張應該可以了。
We all need people who will give us feedback. That's how we improve. Unfortunately, there's one group of people who get almost no systematic feedback to help them do their jobs better, and these people have one of the most important jobs in the world. I'm talking about teachers. When Melinda and I learned how little useful feedback most teachers get, we were blown away.?
我們都需要能給我們反饋信息的人。這是我們不斷自我發展的方式。遺憾的是，有壹群人幾乎收不到系統化的反饋信息來提高他們的工作效率，而這壹群人從事著世界上最重要的職業之壹。我指的就是老師們。當Melinda和我了解到大部分老師得到的有用的反饋有多麽少時，我們驚呆了。
Until recently, over 98 percent of teachers just got one word of feedback: Satisfactory. If all my bridge coach ever told me was that I was "satisfactory," I would have no hope of ever getting better. How would I know who was the best? How would I know what I was doing differently? Today, districts are revamping the way they evaluate teachers, but we still give them almost no feedback that actually helps them improve their practice.?
直到最近，超過98%的老師得到的反饋只包含壹個詞：滿意。如果我的橋牌教練只跟我說我的表現“令人滿意”，我永遠也不可能變得更好。我怎麽知道誰是最好的？我怎麽知道什麽事我做的和別人不壹樣？現在，各個校區都在改進評估教師的方式，但是我們仍給他們很少能夠提高他們工作水平的反饋信息。
Our teachers deserve better. The system we have today isn't fair to them. It's not fair to students, and it's putting America's global leader ship at risk. So today I want to talk about how we can help all teachers get the tools for improvement they want and deserve.
我們的教師應該受到更好的對待。今天我們在用的系統對他們不公平。這系統對學生也不公平，而且置美國的全球領導地位於水深火熱之中。因此今天我想講講我們如何能幫助所有的老師獲得他們想要而且值得獲得的提高自己的工具。
Let's start by asking who's doing well. Well, unfortunately there's no international ranking tables for teacher feedback systems. So I looked at the countries whose students perform well academically, and looked at what they're doing to help their teachers improve. Consider the rankings for reading proficiency.?
我們先來問問誰做得比較好。遺憾的是，國際上沒有壹個用來給評估老師的系統分等級的標準。所以我看了看那些擁有學術表現非常好的學生的國家，然後看看他們在做什麽來幫助他們的教師提高教學水平。我們來看看閱讀水平的排名。
The U.S. isn't number one. We're not even in the top 10. We're tied for 15th with Iceland and Poland. Now, out of all the places that do better than the U.S. in reading, how many of them have a formal system for helping teachers improve? Eleven out of 14.?
美國並不是第壹。我們甚至連前十都沒能進入。我們和冰島以及波蘭並列排名第15名。在閱讀水平方面做得比美國出色的地方中又有多少個擁有能幫助教師提高自己的正規流程？14個。
The U.S. is tied for 15th in reading, but we're 23rd in science and 31st in math. So there's really only one area where we're near the top, and that's in failing to give our teachers the help they need to develop their skills.
在閱讀方面美國並列第15名，但在科學與數學方面我們分別排在第23名與第31名。因此我們只有壹個方面排名比較靠前，而那就是無法提供給教師發展自己所需要的幫助。
Let's look at the best academic performer: the province of Shanghai, China. Now, they rank number one across the board, in reading, math and science, and one of the keys to Shanghai's incredible success is the way they help teachers keep improving.?
我們來看看學業上表現最好的地區：中國的上海。他們在閱讀，數學以及科學等所有方面排名都是第壹，而上海能有這種令人驚訝的成功的關鍵之壹就在於他們幫助教師不斷自我發展的方式。
They made sure that younger teachers get a chance to watch master teachers at work. They have weekly study groups, where teachers get together and talk about what's working. They even require each teacher to observe and give feedback to their colleagues.
他們確保年輕的教師有機會看到資深教師授課。他們每周都有讓老師聚在壹起並討論哪些教學方法比較有用的學習會。他們甚至要求每位老師觀察他的同事並給他們反饋信息。
You might ask, why is a system like this so important? It's because there's so much variation in the teaching profession. Some teachers are far more effective than others. In fact, there are teachers through out the country who are helping their students make extraordinary gains. If today's average teacher could become as good as those teachers, our students would be blowing away the rest of the world. So we need a system that helps all our teachers be as good as the best.
也許妳會問，為什麽這樣的系統那麽重要？這是因為在教師這個職業中有太多的不同。有的教師的教學效率遠遠超過其他教師。事實上，在全國各地有壹些老師正在幫助他們的學生實現難以想象的巨大進步。如果今天的普通老師能和那些老師壹樣好，我們的學生就可以在全世界獨領風騷了。因此我們需要壹個能使我們每壹位教師和最好的教師壹樣好的系統。
What would that system look like? Well, to find out, our foundation has been working with 3,000 teachers in districts across the country on a project called Measures of Effective Teaching. We had observers watch videos of teachers in the classroom and rate how they did on a range of practices.?
這樣壹個系統會是什麽樣子的？為了查明這個事情，我們的基金會和全國各個校區的3000多名老師合作開展了壹個叫“有效教育方式”(MET)的項目。我們派遣觀察員觀看老師在教學中的錄像並且評估他們所做的壹系列事情。
For example, did they ask their students challenging questions? Did they find multiple ways to explain an idea? We also had student sfill out surveys with questions like, "Does your teacher know when the class understands a lesson?" "Do you learn to correct your mistakes?"
舉例來說，他們有沒有問學生具有挑戰性的問題？他們有沒有找到多種方式來解釋壹個概念？我們也讓學生做包含如“妳的老師是否知道整個班級聽懂了壹堂課？”“妳是否學會了改正錯誤？”等問題的問卷。
And what we found is very exciting. First, the teachers who did well on these observations had far better student outcomes. So it tells us we're asking the right questions. And second, teachers in the program told us that these videos and these surveys from the students were very helpful diagnostic tools, because they pointed to specific places where they can improve. I want to show you what this video component of MET looks like inaction.
結果令我們非常驚喜。首先，在這些評測中表現很好的老師所教出來的學生也更好。這說明我們問的問題是對的。其次，參與這個項目的老師告訴我們這些錄像以及向學生發放的調查問卷是非常有用的診斷工具，因為它們指明了教師們能夠改進的具體環節。我想讓妳們看看MET中的視頻部分是什麽樣的。
(Music)(Video)?
（音樂）（錄像）
Sarah Brown Wessling: Good morning everybody. Let's talk about what's going on today. To get started, we're doing a peer review day, okay? A peer review day, and our goal by the end of class is for you to be able to determine whether or not you have moves to prove in your essays.
Sarah Brown Wessling:大家早上好。讓我們說說今天幹些什麽。首先，今天將會是壹個“同學互評日”。這個“同學互評日”的目的就是在下課前大家可以好好判斷自己作文是不是經得起推敲。
My name is Sarah Brown Wessling. I am a high school English teacher at Johnston High School in Johnston, Iowa.
我的名字是Sarah Brown Wessling。我在衣阿華州的Johnston的Johnston高中擔任英語老師。
Turn to somebody next to you. Tell them what you think I mean when I talk about moves to prove. I've talk about --I think that there is a difference for teachers between the abstract of how we see our practice and then the concrete reality of it.
轉向妳們身邊的壹個人。告訴他們妳認為我說“經得起推敲”時我是什麽意思。我曾說過--我認為對於老師而言，我們對我們的表現的抽象看法和實際情況是有區別的。
Okay, so I would like you to please bring up your papers.
好的，請妳們拿出妳們的紙張。
I think what video offers for us is a certain degree of reality. You can't really dispute what you see on the video, and there is a lot to be learned from that, and there are a lot of ways that we can grow as a profession when we actually get to see this. I just have a flip camera and a little tripod and invested in this tiny little wide-angle lens.?
我認為視頻給我們展現了某種程度的現實。妳無法對妳在視頻中看到的表示異議，妳從中能學到很多，而且當我們看到它時我們看到有很多方式能讓我們的職業水平更上壹層樓。我只有這個輕按相機和這個小小的三腳架並再花了壹點錢買了這個微小的廣角鏡。
At the beginning of class, I just perch it in the back of the classroom. It's not a perfect shot. It doesn't catch every little thing that's going on. But I can hear the sound. I can see a lot. And I'm able to learn a lot from it. So it really has been a simple but powerful tool in my own reflection.
在開始上課的時候，我就把相機放在教室的後面。視角並非完美。它沒法捕捉到發生的每壹件事。但我能聽見聲音。我能看到很多。而且我能從中學到很多。因此它成了壹個用於自我反思的簡單而強大的工具。
All right, let's take a look at the long one first, okay?
好的，我們先看看比較長的壹段，怎麽樣？
Once I'm finished taping, then I put it in my computer, and then I'll scan it and take a peek at it. If I don't write things down, I don't remember them.
?壹旦錄完了，我就把它放到電腦裏，掃描壹下然後看壹眼。如果我不把東西寫下來我就無法記住它們。
So having the notes is a part of my thinking process, and I discover what I'm seeing as I'm writing. I really have used it for my own personal growth and my own personal reflection on teaching strategy and methodology and classroom management, and just all of those different facets of the classroom.
因此記筆記也是我思考過程中的壹部分，而當我在做記錄時我也就發現了我在看的是什麽。我把它用於我的個人成長以及關於教學方式，教學原則，課堂管理等各種各樣的和課堂有關的方面的個人反思。
I'm glad that we've actually done the process before so we can kind of compare what works, what doesn't.
我很高興我們以前做過類似的事情所以我們能通過比較得出孰優孰劣。
I think that video exposes so much of what's intrinsic to us as teachers in ways that help us learn and help us understand, and then help our broader communities understand what this complex work is really all about. I think it is a way to exemplify and illustrate things that we cannot convey in a lesson plan, things you cannot convey in a standard, things that you cannot even sometimes convey in a book of pedagogy.
我覺得視頻揭示了大量的所對我們老師而言從根本上幫助我們學習和理解的方式方法，並且也幫助社會理解這個復雜的工作究竟是幹嘛的。我認為這展現了壹些事情他們是我們無法用教學計劃，壹個標準，甚至壹個關於教育學的書來表達的。
Alrighty, everybody, have a great weekend. I'll see you later.
好了，大家，祝妳們周末愉快。下次見。
[Every classroom could look like that]
[每壹個教室都能像那樣]
Bill Gates: One day, we'd like every classroom in America to look something like that. But we still have more work to do. Diagnosing areas where a teacher needs to improve is only half the battle. We also have to give them the tools they need to act on the diagnosis. If you learn that you need to improve the way you teach fractions, you should be able to watch a video of the best person in the world teaching fractions.
比爾蓋茨：我們希望有壹天全美的教室都可以像這樣。但我們還有很多事要做。梳理出壹位老師在什麽地方需要改進只是戰鬥的壹半。我們還要給他們能讓他們基於診斷結果采取措施的工具。如果妳知道妳要提高自己教分數的方式，妳應該可以看壹段世上最好的人教分數的視頻。
So building this complete teacher feedback and improvement system won't be easy. For example, I know some teachers aren't immediately comfortable with the idea of a camera in the classroom. That's understandable, but our experience with MET suggests that if teachers manage the process, if they collect video in their own classrooms, and they pick the lessons they want to submit, a lot of them will be eager to participate.
所以說建立壹個完整的能給予老師反饋信息以及自我發展手段的系統不會簡單。比如說，我知道壹些老師對於在教室中放壹個攝像機這樣的想法感到不舒適。這是可以理解的，但是我們在MET中的經驗說明了如果老師們能忍受這壹個過程，如果他們在教室中錄制視頻，然後選擇他們想提交的視頻，很多老師會踴躍參與。
Building this system will also require a considerable investment. Our foundation estimates that it could cost up to five billion dollars. Now that's a big number, but to put it in perspective, it's less than two percent of what we spend every year on teacher salaries.
建立這樣壹個體系也會需要大量的投資。我們的基金會估計會花費多至50億美元。這是壹個龐大的數字，但如果我們換壹個視角來看，這比我們每年付給老師的工資的2%還要少。
The impact for teachers would be phenomenal. We would finally have a way to give them feedback, as well as them eans to act on it.
這樣壹個系統對於老師的影響是無法估量的。我們終於會有壹個能給他們反饋信息，並讓他們照此采取措施的方式。
But this system would have an even more important benefit for our country. It would put us on a path to making sure all our students get a great education, find a career that's fulfilling and rewarding, and have a chance to live out their dreams. This wouldn't just make us a more successful country. It would also make us a more fair and just one, too.
但是這樣壹個系統對我們國家的好處會更大。它會讓我們走上壹條能確保我們的學生能收到良好教育，找到壹份報酬豐厚而且令人滿意的事業，並且讓他們有機會實現自己的夢想的道路。這不僅會使我們的國家更成功。這也會使我們的國家更充滿公平與正義。
I'm excited about the opportunity to give all our teachers the support they want and deserve. I hope you are too.
我為能給老師們他們想要且應得的支援的機會感到欣喜。我希望大家也是。
Thank you.(Applause)
謝謝。（掌聲）