賓語從句是壹種名詞性從句，在句中作及物動詞的賓語，或介詞的賓語，或
形容詞的賓語。根據引導賓語從句的不同連詞，賓語從句可分為三類。
1. 由that引導的賓語從句。That只有語法作用，沒有實在的意義，在口語
和非正式文體中可以省略。例如：
He said (that) he wanted to stay at home.
She doesn’t know (that) she is seriously ill.
I am sure (that) he will succeed.
2. 由連接代詞who, whom, whose, what, which和連接副詞when, where, why, how引導的賓語從句。這些連接代詞和連接副詞在賓語從句中充當某個成分。例如：
Do you know who (whom) they are waiting foe?
He asked whose handwriting was the best.
Can you tell me where the No.3 bus stop is?
I don’t know why the train is late.
3. 由if或whether引導的賓語從句。If和whether在句中的意思是“是否”。例如：
I want to know if (whether) he lives there.
He asked me whether (if) I could help him.
二. 賓語從句的語序
賓語從句的語序應為陳述句的語序。例如：
I hear (that) physics isn’t easy.
I think (that) you will like this school soon.
Can you tell me how I can get to zoo?
Please tell me when we’ll have the meeting.
三. 賓語從句的時態
1. 如果主句的時態是壹般現在時，賓語從句該用什麼時態就用什麼時態。
如：
I don’t think (that) you are right.
Please tell us where he is.
Can you tell me how I can get to the railway station?
2. 如果主句的時態是壹般過去時，賓語從句只能用相應的過去時態（壹般過去時， 過去進行時， 過去將來時，過去完成時）。例如：
He asked what time it was.
He told me that he was preparing for the sports meet.
He asked if you had written to Peter.
He said that he would go back to the U.S. soon.
3. 如果賓語從句所陳述的是客觀真理，其時態常用壹般現在時。例如：
Our teacher said that January is the first month of the year.
Scientists have proved that the earth turns around the sun.
中考範例
1 Miss Green didn’t tell us _______ in 2009.
A. where does she live B. Where she lives
C. where did she live D. where she lived
解析答案：D。該題考查的是賓語從句的語序和時態。賓語從句應用陳述句的語序和時態，所以應選D。
2.Would you please tell me ________?
A. when did he come home
B. where he would play football
C. if he had seen the film
D. why he didn’t watch the game
解析答案：D。該題考查的是賓語從句的語序和時態。主句用的實際上是現在時，賓語從句在這個句子裏應用陳述句的語序和壹般過去時。
3.I don’t know when __________.
A. will the train leave B. the train will leave
C. would the train leave D. the train leave
解析答案：B。該題考查的是賓語從句的語序和時態。只有B在語序和時態上符合要求。
4.---We don’t know _____________.
---It is said that he was born in Sweden.
A. what he is B. if he lives here
C. where he comes from D. which country is he from
解析答案: C。該題考查的是賓語從句的語序。按照他們談論的話題可知：他們說的是某人是哪裏人。A和B可以排除掉。D的語序不對，只有C正確。
動詞的語態
動詞的語態---表示謂語與主語之間的關系的動詞形式叫做語態，分為主動語態和被動語態。
主動語態表示主語是動作的執行者,被動語態表示主語是動作的承受者
壹、被動語態
結構:1.行為動詞的被動語態: 助動詞be + 及物動詞的過去分詞.
be有人稱.時態.數的變化,其變化規則與be作為連系動詞時完全壹樣.
壹般現在時 am/is/are+及物動詞的過去分詞 壹般過去時 was/were +及物動詞的過去分詞
壹般將來時 will +be +及物動詞的過去分詞 現在完成時 have/has+been+及物動詞的過去分詞
2.情態動詞的被動語態: 情態動詞 + be +及物動詞的過去分詞
否定式:是在助動詞 be 或情態動詞後加not構成
疑問式:是把上述助動詞或情態動詞提到主語之前,句尾加問號構成.
用法: 1.不知道動作的執行者是誰,或沒有必要或不想指出誰是動作的執行者.
eg. The window was broken yesterday. Is English taught in your school? 2.強調或突出動作的承受者,此時如想同時指出動作的執行者,可用“by +動作執行者(賓格)來表示.
eg.The red dress was made by her mother. The letter must be written by me.
註 意點： 1.只有及物動詞能構成被動語態, 不及物動詞不能構成被動語態.
2.某些不及物動詞與介詞.副詞搭配構成短語動詞,帶有賓語時,則有了動作的承受者,這時應把它們看作壹個整體,變為被動語態,不能丟掉其中的介詞,常用的有look after,take care of,cut down, laugh at,talk about,turn on等 eg.Catherine always takes care of the little girl.→The little girl is always taken care of by Carherine.
3.有些動詞短語本身即是被動語態的形式, 不要再加by 短語,常用的有
be covered with be surprised at be interested in be worried about be made of/from be known to
4.某些動詞形式是主動語態,但含有被動的意思. eg. This dictionary sells well.
This kind of car drives fast. The woolen sweater costs $ 88.
5.主動語態與被動語態的相互變化關系
主動句: 主語 + 謂語 + 賓語(動作執行者) (動作承受者)
被動句: 主語 +謂語動詞的被動形式+ by + 動作執行者 (動作承受者)
1）主動句如何變為被動句
a.找到動作的承受者(常為主動句的賓語)作被動句的主語.b.找到謂語變為be + 過去分詞的結構.
c.找到動作的執行者(常為主動句的主語)作 by 的賓語.若不必指出動作的執行者,可省去 by 短語. d.確定be動詞的時態.數. 例如: She makes the beautiful kites.
The beautiful kites are made by her. (被動句)
2）被動句如何變為主動句. a.找到動作的執行者(常為被動句的賓語)作主動句的主語.
b.找到be+過去分詞結構還原為及物動詞原形.
c.找到動作的承受者(常為被動句的主語)作主動句的賓語.
d.確定及物動詞的時態.數(註意)在以上轉換中,代詞作主語用主格, 代詞作賓語用賓格.
6.主動語態中有些動詞如:make,see,listen, watch,feel後常跟不帶to的動詞不定式作賓語補足語,變為被動語態要帶上to
He made the boy work for him. →The boy was made to work for him.
7.主動語態中若有雙賓語,變為被動語態時, 通常把指人的間接賓語變為被動語態的主語. His uncle gave him a dictionary yesterday.→He was given a dictionary by his uncle yesterday.
G:現在完成時棗表示到目前為止已經完成，並對現在留下某種後果和影響的動作。
結構：助動詞have/has + 動詞的過去分詞
用法:
1.表示過去發生的某壹動作對現在造成的影響或結果,常與壹些時間狀語,如:already, yet, ever, never, just, before, once,twice等連用,也可以和包括現在在內的時間狀語,如these days,today,this year,so far等連用.eg.I have already posted the letter. (信已經不在我這兒了)
2.表示過去發生的動作或存在的狀態,壹直持續到現在,也許還將繼續下去,可以和表示從過去某壹時刻延續到現在的壹段時間的狀語連用,即for +時間段,since+時間點/從句, in the last ten years等,謂語只可用延續性動詞.
解析： 1.英語動詞根據詞義可分為兩種,壹種是延續性的,壹種是終止性的,終止性動詞(也可稱為非延續性動詞,瞬間動詞,或點動詞),如begin,start,die,buy,leave, come等,表示動作的發生與結束於壹瞬間完成,不能再延續,所以它的現在完成時不能和表示延續的時間狀語連用,即不能與表示壹段時間的狀語,for+時間段, since+時間點/從句連用,也不能用在how long引導的特殊疑問句中.
eg. I've left Shanghai for three days.(×) I've been away from Shanghai for three days.( √ ).
I left Shanghai three days ago. ( √ ) It is /has been three days since I left Shanghai.( √ )
2.初中英語課本中常見終止性動詞有:leave, go, come, arrive, begin, buy, borrow, die, join, become等.終止性動詞要表示持續時, 可用以下方法:
⑴.將時間狀語改為時間段 + ago,句中謂語動詞用壹般過去時.
eg.我弟弟參軍兩年了. My brother joined the army two years ago.
⑵.若保留for+時間段,since+時間點/從句, 或用在 how long 句型中,則需將終止性動詞改為相應的狀態動詞或延續性動詞
常見終止性動詞與延續性動詞(或狀態動詞)的對應關系如下
come/go/arrive/get/reach/move------be in/at open-----be open
die------be dead close----be closed become---be borrow---keep begin/start-----be on put on----wear
leave-----be away (from) buy-----have fall asleep----be asleep
end/finish-----be over catch a cold-----have a cold
join the army----be in the army be a soldier join the Party----be in the Party be a Party member
→My brother has been in the army for two years. →My brother has been a soldier for two years.
3.現在完成時中been to,gone to和been in/at been to去過某地,表示某人的壹種經歷,可以和once,twice,already,ever,never等連用. eg. She has been to Shanghai twice. (表示目前人在這裏)
gone to 去某地了,說話時某人已離開此地,在去某地的途中或已在某地,
eg. She has gone to Shanghai。 (表示現在她人不在這裏)
been in/at 逗留在某地(已經壹段時間).常和for ten days,since I came here等連用.
eg. She has been in Shanghai since she moved there.
4.現在完成時和壹般過去時的區別
現在完成時所表明的是過去發生的動作對現在的影響,強調的是現在的情況,不可以和表示過去的時間狀語yesterday,in 1991,three days ago last time,last night等連用壹般過去時表明的是過去發生的事實,和現在不發生關系.
5.現在完成時中的 for 與 since
for + 時間段 與延續性動詞的現在完成時連用 since + 時間點/從句
I have kept the library book for a week.= I have kept the library book since a week ago.
6. It is /has been +壹段時間 + since 從句.自從某事發生已有壹段時間了. eg. It is /has been two years since my brother joined the army. 註意:1.since 引導的從句中動詞用過去時
2.when 引導 的特殊問句不與現在完成時連用.
3.have got,has got 雖然是現在完成時,但have got=have has got==has